@article {Lopez2017iotpriv, title = {Evolving privacy: From sensors to the Internet of Things}, journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems}, volume = {75}, year = {2017}, month = {10/2017}, pages = {46{\textendash}57}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions a world covered with billions of smart, interacting things capable of offering all sorts of services to near and remote entities. The benefits and comfort that the IoT will bring about are undeniable, however, these may come at the cost of an unprecedented loss of privacy. In this paper we look at the privacy problems of one of the key enablers of the IoT, namely wireless sensor networks, and analyse how these problems may evolve with the development of this complex paradigm. We also identify further challenges which are not directly associated with already existing privacy risks but will certainly have a major impact in our lives if not taken into serious consideration.\ 

}, keywords = {Challenges, Internet of Things, privacy, WSN}, issn = {0167-739X}, doi = {10.1016/j.future.2017.04.045}, author = {Javier Lopez and Ruben Rios and Feng Bao and Guilin Wang} } @inproceedings {Rios2016a, title = {Evoluci{\'o}n y nuevos desafios de privacidad en la Internet de las Cosas}, booktitle = {XIV Reuni{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola sobre Criptolog{\'\i}a y Seguridad de la Informaci{\'o}n}, year = {2016}, month = {10/2016}, pages = {209-213}, address = {Mah{\'o}n, Menorca, Islas Baleares}, abstract = {

La Internet de las Cosas (en ingl{\'e}s, Internet of Things\ (IoT)) es una evoluci{\'o}n de la Internet tal y como lo conocemos. Esta nueva versi{\'o}n de Internet incorpora objetos de la vida cotidiana, rompiendo as{\'\i} barrera de los digital y extendi{\'e}ndose al mundo f{\'\i}sico. Estos objetos interactuar{\'a}n entre s{\'\i} y con otras entidades tanto de manera local como remota, y estar{\'a}n dotados de cierta capacidad computacional y sensores para que sean conscientes de lo que ocurre en su entorno. Esto traer{\'a} consigo un sinf{\'\i}n de posibilidades y nuevos servicios, pero tambi{\'e}n dar{\'a} lugar a nuevos y mayores riesgos de privacidad para los ciudadanos. En este art{\'\i}culo, estudiamos los problemas de privacidad actuales de una de las tecnolog{\'\i}as claves para el desarrollo de este prometedor paradigma, las redes de sensores, y analizamos como pueden evolucionar y surgir nuevos riesgos de privacidad al ser completamente integradas en la Internet.

}, keywords = {Challenges, Internet of Things, privacy, Sensors}, author = {Ruben Rios and Javier Lopez} } @article {Galindo2010, title = {On the Energy Cost of Authenticated Key Agreement in Wireless Sensor Networks}, journal = {Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing}, volume = {12}, year = {2012}, month = {Jan 2012}, pages = {133-143}, publisher = {Wiley}, abstract = {

Wireless sensors are battery-powered devices which are highly constrained in terms of computational capabilities, memory and communication bandwidth. While battery life is their main limitation, they require considerable energy to communicate data. Due to this, it turns out that the energy saving of computationally inexpensive primitives (like symmetric key cryptography (SKC)) can be nullified by the bigger amount of data they require to be sent. In this work, we study the energy cost of key agreement protocols between peers in a network using asymmetric key cryptography. Our main concern is to reduce the amount of data to be exchanged, which can be done by using special cryptographic paradigms like identity-based and self-certified cryptography. The main news is that an intensive computational primitive for resource-constrained devices, such as non-interactive identity-based authenticated key exchange, performs comparably or even better than traditional authenticated key exchange (AKE) in a variety of scenarios. Moreover, protocols based in this primitive can provide better security properties in real deployments than other simple protocols based on symmetric cryptography. Our findings illustrate to what extent the latest implementation advancements push the efficiency boundaries of public key cryptography (PKC) in wireless sensor networks (WSNs).

}, keywords = {identity-based key agreement, key distribution, pairings, underwater wireless sensor networks, wireless sensor networks}, issn = {1530-8669}, doi = {10.1002/wcm.894}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcm.894}, author = {David Galindo and Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez} } @article {Alcaraz2011, title = {An Early Warning System based on Reputation for Energy Control Systems}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Smart Grid}, volume = {2}, number = {4}, year = {2011}, month = {Nov 2011}, pages = {827-834}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

Most of energy control or SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems are very dependent on advanced technologies and on traditional security mechanisms for protecting the a system against anomalous events. Security mechanisms are not enough to be used in critical systems, since they can only detect anomalous events occurring at a certain moment in time. For this reason it becomes of paramount importance the usage of intelligent systems with capability for preventing anomalous situations and reacting against them on time. This type of systems are, for example, Early Warning Systems (EWS). In this paper, we propose an EWS based on Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) (under the ISA100.11a standard) and reputation for controling the network behaviour. The WSN are organized into clusters where a Cluster Head (CH) is designated. This CH will contain a Reputation Manager Module. The usability of this approach is also analyzed considering a Smart Grid scenario.} keywords = {Critical Information Infrastructures, Sensor Networks, Early Warning Systems, Reputation, SCADA Systems, Smart Grid.

}, keywords = {Early Warning Systems, Reputation, SCADA Systems, Smart Grid, wireless sensor networks}, issn = {1949-3053}, doi = {10.1109/TSG.2011.2161498}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez} } @article {Rios2011b, title = {Exploiting Context-Awareness to Enhance Source-Location Privacy in Wireless Sensor Networks}, journal = {The Computer Journal}, volume = {54}, year = {2011}, month = {Sept 2011}, pages = {1603-1615}, publisher = {Oxford University Press}, abstract = {

The source-location privacy problem in Wireless Sensor Networks has been traditionally tackled by the creation of random routes for every packet transmitted from the source nodes to the base station. These schemes provide a considerable protection level at a high cost in terms of message delivery time and energy consumption. This overhead is due to the fact that the data routing process is done in a blind way, without knowledge about the location of the attacker. In this work we propose the Context-Aware Location Privacy (CALP) approach, which takes advantage of the ability of sensor nodes to perceive the presence of a mobile adversary in their vicinity in order to transmit data packets in a more energy-efficient and privacy-preserving manner. In particular, we apply the concepts of CALP to the development of a shortest-path CALP routing algorithm. A permissive and a strict version of the protocol are studied for different adversarial models and the proposed schemes are evaluated through simulation experiments in terms of privacy protection and energy consumption. Finally, we present the conclusions of the paper as well as possible extensions of this work.

}, keywords = {Context-Awareness, Location Privacy, wireless sensor networks}, issn = {0010-4620}, doi = {10.1093/comjnl/bxr055}, author = {Ruben Rios and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Alcaraz2010b, title = {Early Warning System for Cascading Effect Control in Energy Control Systems}, booktitle = {5th International conference on Critical Information Infrastructures Security (CRITIS{\textquoteright}10)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {6712}, year = {2010}, month = {September}, pages = {55-67}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Athens, Greece}, abstract = {

A way of controlling a cascading effect caused by a failure or a threat in a critical system is using intelligent mechanisms capable of predicting anomalous behaviours and also capable of reacting against them in advance. These mechanisms are known as Early Warning Systems (EWS) and this will be precisely the main topic of this paper. Specially, we present an EWS design based on a Wireless Sensor Network (using the ISA100.11a standard) that constantly supervise the application context. This EWS is also based on forensic techniques to provide dynamic learning capacities. As a result, this new approach will aid to provide a reliable control of incidences by offering a dynamic alarm management, identification of the most suitable field operator to attend an alarm, reporting of causes and responsible operators, and learning from new anomalous situations.

}, keywords = {Cascading Effect, Early Warning System, Energy Control Systems, Forensic Techniques, SCADA Systems, Wireless Sensor Network}, isbn = {978-3-642-21693-0}, issn = {0302-9743}, url = {http://critis.net/2010/}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Angel Balastegui and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Galindo2008a, title = {An Evaluation of the Energy Cost of Authenticated Key Agreement in Wireless Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {X Reuni{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola sobre Criptolog{\'\i}a y Seguridad de la Informaci{\'o}n (RECSI{\textquoteright}08)}, year = {2008}, month = {September}, pages = {231-236}, address = {Salamanca (Spain)}, abstract = {

Wireless sensors are battery-powered devices which are highly constrained in terms of computational capabilities, memory, and communication bandwidth. While battery life is their main limitation, they require considerable energy to communicate data. Due to this, the energy saving of computationally inexpensive security primitives (like those using symmetric key cryptography) can be nullified by the bigger amount of data they require to be sent. In this work we study the energy cost of key agreement protocols between peers in a network using public key cryptography techniques. Our concern is to reduce the amount of data to be exchanged. Our main news is that a computationally very demanding security primitive, such as identity-based authenticated key exchange, can present energy-wise a better performance than traditional public key based key exchange in realistic scenarios such as Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Such a result is not to be expected in wired networks.

}, author = {David Galindo and Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez} }