@article {onieva2019vec, title = {Edge-Assisted Vehicular Networks Security}, journal = {IEEE Internet of Things Journal}, volume = {6}, year = {2019}, month = {10/2019}, pages = {8038-8045}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, abstract = {

Edge Computing paradigms are expected to solve some major problems affecting current application scenarios that rely on Cloud computing resources to operate. These novel paradigms will bring computational resources closer to the users and by doing so they will not only reduce network latency and bandwidth utilization but will also introduce some attractive context-awareness features to these systems. In this paper we show how the enticing features introduced by Edge Computing paradigms can be exploited to improve security and privacy in the critical scenario of vehicular networks (VN), especially existing authentication and revocation issues. In particular, we analyze the security challenges in VN and describe three deployment models for vehicular edge computing, which refrain from using vehicular- to-vehicular communications. The result is that the burden imposed to vehicles is considerably reduced without sacrificing the security or functional features expected in vehicular scenarios.

}, keywords = {Critical Infrastructures, Internet of Things, privacy, security, Vehicular Networks}, issn = {2327-4662}, doi = {10.1109/JIOT.2019.2904323}, author = {Jose A. Onieva and Ruben Rios and Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez} } @article {nrlSensors2018, title = {IoT-Forensics meets Privacy: Towards Cooperative Digital Investigations}, journal = {Sensors}, volume = {18}, number = {492}, year = {2018}, month = {02/2018}, publisher = {MDPI}, abstract = {
IoT-Forensics is a novel paradigm for the acquisition of electronic evidence whose operation is conditioned by the peculiarities of the Internet of Things (IoT) context. As a branch of computer forensics, this discipline respects the most basic forensic principles of preservation, traceability, documentation, and authorization. The digital witness approach also promotes such principles in the context of the IoT while allowing personal devices to cooperate in digital investigations by voluntarily providing electronic evidence to the authorities. However, this solution is highly dependent on the willingness of citizens to collaborate and they may be reluctant to do so if the sensitive information within their personal devices is not sufficiently protected when shared with the investigators. In this paper, we provide the digital witness approach with a methodology that enables citizens to share their data with some privacy guarantees. We apply the PRoFIT methodology, originally defined for IoT-Forensics environments, to the digital witness approach in order to unleash its full potential. Finally, we show the feasibility of a PRoFIT-compliant digital witness with two use cases.
}, keywords = {digital witness, IoT-Forensics, privacy}, issn = {1424-8220}, doi = {10.3390/s18020492}, url = {http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/2/492}, author = {Ana Nieto and Ruben Rios and Javier Lopez} } @article {Ruben2017trust, title = {Modelling Privacy-Aware Trust Negotiations}, journal = {Computers \& Security}, volume = {77 }, year = {2018}, pages = {773-789}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Trust negotiations are mechanisms that enable interaction between previously unknown users. After exchanging various pieces of potentially sensitive information, the participants of a negotiation can decide whether or not to trust one another. Therefore, trust negotiations bring about threats to personal privacy if not carefully considered. This paper presents a framework for representing trust negotiations in the early phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). The framework can help software engineers to determine the most suitable policies for the system by detecting conflicts between privacy and trust requirements. More precisely, we extend the SI* modelling language and provide a set of predicates for defining trust and privacy policies and a set of rules for describing the dynamics of the system based on the established policies. The formal representation of the model facilitates its automatic verification. The framework has been validated in a distributed social network scenario for connecting drivers with potential passengers willing to share a journey.

}, keywords = {Goal-Oriented Modelling, Policy, privacy, Requirements Engineering, Secure Software Engineering, Trust}, issn = {0167-4048}, doi = {10.1016/j.cose.2017.09.015}, author = {Ruben Rios and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {1654, title = {Digital Witness and Privacy in IoT: Anonymous Witnessing Approach}, booktitle = {16th IEEE International Conference On Trust, Security And Privacy In Computing And Communications (TrustCom 2017)}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, pages = {642-649}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Sydney (Australia)}, abstract = {

The digital witness approach defines the collaboration between IoT devices - from wearables to vehicles - to provide digital evidence through a Digital Chain of Custody to an authorised entity. As one of the cores of the digital witness, binding credentials unequivocally identify the user behind the digital witness. The objective of this article is to perform a critical analysis of the digital witness approach from the perspective of privacy, and to propose solutions that help include some notions of privacy in the scheme (for those cases where it is possible). In addition, digital anonymous witnessing as a tradeoff mechanism between the original approach and privacy requirements is proposed. This is a clear challenge in this context given the restriction that the identities of the links in the digital chain of custody should be known.\ 

}, keywords = {Forensics, IEC Standards, ISO Standards, privacy}, isbn = {978-1-5090-4906-6}, issn = {2324-9013}, doi = {10.1109/Trustcom/BigDataSE/ICESS.2017.295}, author = {Ana Nieto and Ruben Rios and Javier Lopez} } @article {Lopez2017iotpriv, title = {Evolving privacy: From sensors to the Internet of Things}, journal = {Future Generation Computer Systems}, volume = {75}, year = {2017}, month = {10/2017}, pages = {46{\textendash}57}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

The Internet of Things (IoT) envisions a world covered with billions of smart, interacting things capable of offering all sorts of services to near and remote entities. The benefits and comfort that the IoT will bring about are undeniable, however, these may come at the cost of an unprecedented loss of privacy. In this paper we look at the privacy problems of one of the key enablers of the IoT, namely wireless sensor networks, and analyse how these problems may evolve with the development of this complex paradigm. We also identify further challenges which are not directly associated with already existing privacy risks but will certainly have a major impact in our lives if not taken into serious consideration.\ 

}, keywords = {Challenges, Internet of Things, privacy, WSN}, issn = {0167-739X}, doi = {10.1016/j.future.2017.04.045}, author = {Javier Lopez and Ruben Rios and Feng Bao and Guilin Wang} } @inproceedings {1652, title = {A Methodology for Privacy-Aware IoT-Forensics}, booktitle = {16th IEEE International Conference On Trust, Security And Privacy In Computing And Communications (TrustCom 2017)}, year = {2017}, month = {08/2017}, pages = {626-633}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Sydney (Australia)}, abstract = {

The Internet of Things (IoT) brings new challenges to digital forensics. Given the number and heterogeneity of devices in such scenarios, it bring extremely difficult to carry out investigations without the cooperation of individuals. Even if they are not directly involved in the offense, their devices can yield digital evidence that might provide useful clarification in an investigation. However, when providing such evidence they may leak sensitive personal information. This paper proposes PRoFIT; a new model for IoT-forensics that takes privacy into consideration by incorporating the requirements of ISO/IEC 29100:2011 throughout the investigation life cycle. PRoFIT is intended to lay the groundwork for the voluntary cooperation of individuals in cyber crime investigations.

}, keywords = {Adaptation models, Forensics, IEC Standards, Information management, ISO Standards, privacy, Software}, isbn = {978-1-5090-4906-6}, issn = {2324-9013}, doi = {10.1109/Trustcom/BigDataSE/ICESS.2017.293}, author = {Ana Nieto and Ruben Rios and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Rios2016a, title = {Evoluci{\'o}n y nuevos desafios de privacidad en la Internet de las Cosas}, booktitle = {XIV Reuni{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola sobre Criptolog{\'\i}a y Seguridad de la Informaci{\'o}n}, year = {2016}, month = {10/2016}, pages = {209-213}, address = {Mah{\'o}n, Menorca, Islas Baleares}, abstract = {

La Internet de las Cosas (en ingl{\'e}s, Internet of Things\ (IoT)) es una evoluci{\'o}n de la Internet tal y como lo conocemos. Esta nueva versi{\'o}n de Internet incorpora objetos de la vida cotidiana, rompiendo as{\'\i} barrera de los digital y extendi{\'e}ndose al mundo f{\'\i}sico. Estos objetos interactuar{\'a}n entre s{\'\i} y con otras entidades tanto de manera local como remota, y estar{\'a}n dotados de cierta capacidad computacional y sensores para que sean conscientes de lo que ocurre en su entorno. Esto traer{\'a} consigo un sinf{\'\i}n de posibilidades y nuevos servicios, pero tambi{\'e}n dar{\'a} lugar a nuevos y mayores riesgos de privacidad para los ciudadanos. En este art{\'\i}culo, estudiamos los problemas de privacidad actuales de una de las tecnolog{\'\i}as claves para el desarrollo de este prometedor paradigma, las redes de sensores, y analizamos como pueden evolucionar y surgir nuevos riesgos de privacidad al ser completamente integradas en la Internet.

}, keywords = {Challenges, Internet of Things, privacy, Sensors}, author = {Ruben Rios and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {rios2016b, title = {Privacy-Aware Trust Negotiation}, booktitle = {12th International Workshop on Security and Trust Management (STM)}, volume = {LNCS 9871}, year = {2016}, month = {09/2016}, pages = {98-105}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Heraklion, Crete, Greece}, abstract = {

Software engineering and information security have traditionally followed divergent paths but lately some efforts have been made to consider security from the early phases of the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). This paper follows this line and concentrates on the incorporation of trust negotiations during the requirements engineering phase. More precisely, we provide an extension to the SI* modelling language, which is further formalised using answer set programming specifications to support the automatic verification of the model and the detection of privacy conflicts caused by trust negotiations.

}, keywords = {Goal-Oriented Modelling, privacy, Requirements Engineering, Secure Software Engineering, Trust}, isbn = {978-3-319-46597-5}, issn = {0302-9743}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-46598-2 7}, url = {http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-46598-2_7}, author = {Ruben Rios and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez} } @article {rios2015, title = {Probabilistic receiver-location privacy protection in wireless sensor networks}, journal = {Information Sciences}, volume = {321}, year = {2015}, month = {07/2015}, pages = {205 - 223}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are continually exposed to many types of attacks. Among these, the attacks targeted at the base station are the most devastating ones since this essential device processes and analyses all traffic generated in the network. Moreover, this feature can be exploited by a passive adversary to determine its location based on traffic analysis. This receiver-location privacy problem can be reduced by altering the traffic pattern of the network but the adversary may still be able to reach the base station if he gains access to the routing tables of a number of sensor nodes. In this paper we present HISP-NC (Homogenous Injection for Sink Privacy with Node Compromise protection), a receiver-location privacy solution that consists of two complementary schemes which protect the location of the base station in the presence of traffic analysis and node compromise attacks. The HISP-NC data transmission protocol prevents traffic analysis by probabilistically hiding the flow of real traffic with moderate amounts of fake traffic. Moreover, HISP-NC includes a perturbation mechanism that modifies the routing tables of the nodes to introduce some level of uncertainty in attackers capable of retrieving the routing information from the nodes. Our scheme is validated both analytically and experimentally through extensive simulations.

}, keywords = {node capture, privacy, security, traffic analysis, wireless sensor networks}, issn = {0020-0255}, doi = {10.1016/j.ins.2015.01.016}, author = {Ruben Rios and Jorge Cuellar and Javier Lopez} }