@article {IonnaisPanosMihalisAlcarazLopez2018, title = {Survey of IoT-enabled Cyberattacks: Assessing Attack Paths to Critical Infrastructures and Services}, journal = { IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials}, volume = {20}, year = {2018}, month = {07/2018}, pages = {3453-3495}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

As the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT)\ is experiencing an exponential growth, it is no surprise that\ many recent cyber attacks are IoT-enabled: The attacker initially\ exploits some vulnerable IoT technology as a first step towards\ compromising a critical system that is connected, in some way,\ with the IoT. For some sectors, like industry, smart grids,\ transportation and medical services, the significance of such\ attacks is obvious, since IoT technologies are part of critical backend\ systems. However, in sectors where IoT is usually at the enduser\ side, like smart homes, such attacks can be underestimated,\ since not all possible attack paths are examined. In this paper\ we survey IoT-enabled cyber attacks, found in all application\ domains since 2010. For each sector, we emphasize on the latest,\ verified IoT-enabled attacks, based on known real-world incidents\ and published proof-of-concept attacks. We methodologically\ analyze representative attacks that demonstrate direct, indirect\ and subliminal attack paths against critical targets. Our goal is\ threefold: (i) To assess IoT-enabled cyber attacks in a risk-like\ approach, in order to demonstrate their current threat landscape;\ (ii) To identify hidden and subliminal IoT-enabled attack paths\ against critical infrastructures and services, and (iii) To examine\ mitigation strategies for all application domains.

}, keywords = {Critical Infrastructures, Cyber Attacks, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Internet of Things, SCADA, Smart grids, Smart Home, Smart Medical Systems}, issn = {1553-877X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2855563}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8410404}, author = {Ioannis Stellios and Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Mihalis Psarakis and Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez} } @incollection {1603, title = {Secure Interoperability in Cyber-Physical Systems}, booktitle = {Security Solutions and Applied Cryptography in Smart Grid Communications, IGI Global, USA}, year = {2017}, pages = {137-158}, publisher = { IGI Global}, organization = { IGI Global}, chapter = {8}, address = {USA}, abstract = {

Transparency in control transactions under a secure network architecture is a key topic that must be discussed when aspects related to interconnection between heterogeneous cyber-physical systems (CPSs) arise. The interconnection of these systems can be addressed through an enforcement policy system responsible for managing access control according to the contextual conditions. However, this architecture is not always adequate to ensure a rapid interoperability in extreme crisis situations, and can require an interconnection strategy that permits the timely authorized access from anywhere at any time. To do this, a set of interconnection strategies through the Internet must be studied to explore the ability of control entities to connect to the remote CPSs and expedite their operations, taking into account the context conditions. This research constitutes the contribution of this chapter, where a set of control requirements and interoperability properties are identified to discern the most suitable interconnection strategies.

}, keywords = {authentication, authorization, Control Access, Control systems, cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things, Interoperability, Secure Interconnection}, isbn = {9781522518297}, doi = {10.4018/978-1-5225-1829-7.ch008}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez} } @article {1752, title = {Security of Industrial Sensor Network-based Remote Substations in the context of the Internet of Things}, journal = {Ad Hoc Networks}, volume = {11}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, pages = {1091{\textendash}1104}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

The main objective of remote substations is to provide the central system with sensitive information from critical infrastructures, such as generation, distribution or transmission power systems. Wireless sensor networks have been recently applied in this particular context due to their attractive services and inherent benefits, such as simplicity, reliability and cost savings. However, as the number of control and data acquisition systems that use the Internet infrastructure to connect to substations increases, it is necessary to consider what connectivity model the sensor infrastructure should follow: either completely isolated from the Internet or integrated with it as part of the Internet of Things paradigm. This paper therefore addresses this question by providing a thorough analysis of both security requirements and infrastructural requirements corresponding to all those TCP/IP integration strategies that can be applicable to networks with constrained computational resources.

}, keywords = {Industrial Control Networks, Internet of Things, Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) Systems, The Internet, wireless sensor networks}, issn = {1570-8705}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.adhoc.2012.12.001}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Rodrigo Roman and Pablo Najera and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Alcaraz2010, title = {Acceso seguro a redes de sensores en SCADA a trav{\'e}s de Internet}, booktitle = {XI Reuni{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola sobre Criptolog{\'\i}a y Seguridad de la Informaci{\'o}n (RECSI 2010)}, year = {2010}, month = {September}, pages = {337-342}, address = {Tarragona (Spain)}, abstract = {

Las Infraestructuras Cr\íticas (ICs) son monitorizadas por sistemas altamente complejos, conocidos como sistemas SCADA (Sistemas de Control y Adquisici\ón de Datos), cuyo principal soporte se encuentra en las subestaciones, las cuales miden de primera instancia el estado real de tales ICs. Para mejorar este control, la industria est\á actualmente demandando la integraci\ón en el modelo tradicional de dos avances tecnol\ógicos: Internet y las redes de sensores inal\ámbricas. Sin embargo, su incorporaci\ón requiere analizar los requisitos de seguridad que surgen en dicho contexto, as\í como diversos aspectos correlacionados (ej. mantenimiento, rendimiento, seguridad y optimizaci\ón) y, en base a estos, la estrategia de integraci\ón m\ás adecuada para satisfacer dichos requisitos. Este art\ículo proporciona dicho an\álisis en profundidad con el fin de ofrecer un modelo de integraci\ón seguro adecuado para entornos cr\íticos.

}, keywords = {el Internet, Internet of Things, Redes Mesh Inal{\'a}mbrica de Sensores, Sistemas Cr{\'\i}ticos de Control, Sistemas SCADA}, isbn = {978-84-693-3304-4}, url = {http://crises-deim.urv.cat/recsi2010/}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Rodrigo Roman and Pablo Najera and Javier Lopez} }