@inproceedings {Najera_STM11, title = {Secure architecure for the integration of RFID and sensors in personal networks}, booktitle = {7th International Workshop on Security and Trust Management (STM{\textquoteright}11)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {7170}, year = {2012}, pages = {207-222}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Copenhagen, Denmark}, abstract = {

The secure integration of RFID technology into the personal network paradigm, as a context-aware technology which complements body sensor networks, would provide notable benefits to applications and potential services of the PN. RFID security as an independent technology is reaching an adequate maturity level thanks to research in recent years; however, its integration into the PN model, interaction with other network resources, remote users and service providers requires a specific security analysis and a PN architecture prepared to support these resource-constrained pervasive technologies. This paper provides such PN architecture and analysis. Aspects such as the management of personal tags as members of the PN, the authentication and secure communication of PN nodes and remote users with the context-aware technologies, and the enforcement of security and privacy policies are discussed in the architecture.

}, isbn = {978-3-642-29962-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-29963-6_15}, author = {Pablo Najera and Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez} } @article {AlcarazR2012, title = {Selecting key management schemes for WSN applications}, journal = {Computers \& Security}, volume = {31}, number = {38}, year = {2012}, month = {Nov 2012}, pages = {956{\textendash}966}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

Key management in wireless sensor networks (WSN) is an active research topic. Due to the fact that a large number of key management schemes (KMS) have been proposed in the literature, it is not easy for a sensor network designer to know exactly which KMS best fits in a particular WSN application. In this article, we offer a comprehensive review on how the application requirements and the properties of various key management schemes influence each other. Based on this review, we show that the KMS plays a critical role in determining the security performance of a WSN network with given application requirements. We also develop a method that allows the network designers to select the most suitable KMS for a specific WSN network setting. In addition, the article also addresses the issues on the current state-of-the-art research on the KMS for homogeneous (i.e. non-hierarchical) networks to provide solutions for establishing link-layer keys in various WSN applications and scenarios.

}, keywords = {security}, issn = {0167-4048}, doi = {10.1016/j.cose.2012.07.002}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404812001034}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez and Rodrigo Roman and Hsiao-Hwa Chen} } @article {Alcaraz2011a, title = {Secure SCADA Framework for the Protection of Energy Control Systems}, journal = {Concurrency and Computation Practice \& Experience}, volume = {23}, number = {12}, year = {2011}, month = {Aug 2011}, pages = {1414-1430}, publisher = {John Wiley \& Sons, Inc.}, abstract = {

Energy distribution systems are becoming increasingly widespread in today{\textquoteright}s society.\ One of the elements that is used to monitor and control these systems are the SCADA\ (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) systems. In particular, these control systems\ and their complexities, together with the emerging use of the Internet and wireless\ technologies, bring new challenges that must be carefully considered. Examples of such\ challenges are the particular bene{\textasciimacron}ts of the integration of those new technologies, and\ also the e{\textregistered}ects they may have on the overall SCADA security. The main task of this\ paper is to provide a framework that shows how the integration of di{\textregistered}erent state-of-the-art technologies in an energy control system, such as Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs),\ Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs), and the Internet, can bring some interesting\ benefits such as status management and anomaly prevention, while maintaining the\ security of the whole system.

}, keywords = {Energy Distribution and Control Systems, SCADA Systems, Sensor Networks}, isbn = {23(12)1311-1464 (2011)}, issn = {1532-0626}, doi = {10.1002/cpe.1679}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez and Jianying Zhou and Rodrigo Roman} } @article {1633, title = {Securing the Internet of Things}, journal = {IEEE Computer}, volume = {44}, number = {9}, year = {2011}, month = {Sept 2011}, pages = {51 -58}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

This paper presents security of Internet of things. In the Internet of Things vision, every physical object has a virtual component that can produce and consume services Such extreme interconnection will bring unprecedented convenience and economy, but it will also require novel approaches to ensure its safe and ethical use. The Internet and its users are already under continual attack, and a growing economy-replete with business models that undermine the Internet{\textquoteright}s ethical use-is fully focused on exploiting the current version{\textquoteright}s foundational weaknesses.

}, keywords = {business models, computer network security, Internet, Internet of Things, Internet security, IoT, virtual component}, issn = {0018-9162}, doi = {10.1109/MC.2011.291}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/MC.2011.291}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Pablo Najera and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Roman11SK, title = {SenseKey - Simplifying the Selection of Key Management Schemes for Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {5th International Symposium on Security and Multimodality in Pervasive Environments (SMPE{\textquoteright}11)}, year = {2011}, month = {March}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Singapore}, abstract = {

Key Management Schemes (KMS) are a very important security mechanism for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN), as they are used to manage the credentials (i.e. secret keys) that are needed by the security primitives. There is a large number of available KMS protocols in the literature, but it is not clear what should network designers do to choose the most suitable protocol for the needs of their applications. In this paper, we consider that given a certain set of application requirements, the network designer can check which properties comply with those requirements and select the KMS protocols that contains those particular properties. Therefore, we study the relationship between requirements and properties, and we provide a web tool, the SenseKey tool, that can be used to automatically obtain an optimal set of KMS protocols.

}, doi = {10.1109/WAINA.2011.78}, url = {http://www.ftrai.org/smpe2011/}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez and Cristina Alcaraz and Hsiao Hwa Chen} } @article {Alcaraz2010a, title = {A Security Analysis for Wireless Sensor Mesh Networks in Highly Critical Systems}, journal = {IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics, Part C: Applications and Reviews}, volume = {40}, number = {4}, year = {2010}, month = {July}, pages = {419-428}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

Nowadays, critical control systems are a fundamental component contributing to the overall performance of critical infrastructures in our society, most of which belong to the industrial sector. These complex systems include in their design different types of information and communication technology systems, such as wireless (mesh) sensor networks, to carry out control processes in real time. This fact has meant that several communication standards, such as Zigbee PRO, WirelessHART, and ISA100.11a, have been specified to ensure coexistence, reliability, and security in their communications. The main purpose of this paper has been to review these three standards and analyze their security. We have identified a set of threats and potential attacks in their routing protocols, and we consequently provide recommendations and countermeasures to help Industry protect its infrastructures.

}, keywords = {Critical Control Systems, Critical Infrastructure Protection, SCADA Systems, Wireless Sensor Mesh Network}, issn = {1094-6977}, doi = {10.1109/TSMCC.2010.2045373}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/search/srchabstract.jsp?tp=\&arnumber=5443456\&queryText\%253DC.+Alcaraz\%2526openedRefinements\%253D*\%2526searchField\%253DSearch+All\&fromGateway=true}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Rios2010, title = {Source Location Privacy Considerations in Wireless Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {4th International Symposium of Ubiquitous Computing and Ambient Intelligence (UCAmI{\textquoteright}10)}, year = {2010}, month = {Sept.}, pages = {29 - 38}, publisher = {IBERGARCETA PUBLICACIONES, S.L.}, organization = {IBERGARCETA PUBLICACIONES, S.L.}, address = {Valencia (Spain)}, abstract = {

Wireless Sensor Networks are considered to be one of the cornerstones of Ambient Intelligence since they can be used in countless applications, where sensors are unobtrusively embedded into the environment to perform operations like monitoring, tracking and reporting. In such scenarios, privacy issues must be carefully considered since the mere observation of the network operation might reveal great amounts of private information to unauthorised parties. One of the problems that is gaining more attention in the realm of privacy, is the location privacy problem, which aims to prevent an attacker from obtaining the location of specific nodes of interest to him. In this paper we provide a general overview of the proposed solutions to counter this threat. Finally, we will also discuss some open challenges and future directions of research for a convenient management of privacy issues in smart environments.

}, isbn = {978-84-92812-61-5}, author = {Ruben Rios and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Lidia Fuentes and Nadia G{\'a}mez and Jos{\'e} Bravo} } @inproceedings {Benito2009, title = {SMEPP: A Secure Middleware for Embedded P2P}, booktitle = {ICT Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit (ICT-MobileSummit{\textquoteright}09)}, year = {2009}, month = {June}, address = {Santander (Spain)}, abstract = {

The increasing presence of embedded devices with internet access capabilities constitutes a new challenge in software development. These devices are now cooperating in a distributed manner towards what has been called as \"Internet of Things\". In this new scenario the client-server model is sometimes not adequate and dynamic ad-hoc networks are more common than before. However, security poses as a hard issue as these systems are extremely vulnerable. In this paper, we introduce SMEPP project, which aims at developing a middleware designed for P2P systems with a special focus on embedded devices and security. SMEPP is designed to be deployed in a wide range of devices. It tries to ease the development of applications hiding platforms details and other aspects such as scalability, adaptability and interoperability. A full implementation of this middleware is already available that incorporates security features specially designed for low-resource devices. Moreover, we describe two business applications being developed using this middleware in the context of \"Digital Home\" and \"Environmental Monitoring in Industrial Environments\".

}, isbn = {978-1-905824-12-0}, author = {Rafael J. Caro and David Garrido and Pierre Plaza and Rodrigo Roman and Nuria Sanz and Jose L. Serrano} } @article {Roman2008a, title = {Situation Awareness Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks}, journal = {IEEE Communications Magazine}, volume = {46}, number = {4}, year = {2008}, month = {April}, pages = {102-107}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

A wireless sensor network should be able to operate for long periods of time with little or no external management. There is a requirement for this autonomy: the sensor nodes must be able to configure themselves in the presence of adverse situations. Therefore, the nodes should make use of situation awareness mechanisms to determine the existence of abnormal events in their surroundings. This work approaches the problem by considering the possible abnormal events as diseases, thus making it possible to diagnose them through their symptoms, namely, their side effects. Considering these awareness mechanisms as a foundation for high-level monitoring services, this article also shows how these mechanisms are included in the blueprint of an intrusion detection system.

}, issn = {0163-6804}, doi = {10.1109/MCOM.2008.4481348}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez and Stefanos Gritzalis} } @article {Roman2007, title = {A Survey of Cryptographic Primitives and Implementations for Hardware-Constrained Sensor Network Nodes}, journal = {Mobile Networks and Applications}, volume = {12}, number = {4}, year = {2007}, month = {August}, pages = {231-244}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

In a wireless sensor network environment, a sensor node is extremely constrained in terms of hardware due to factors such as maximizing lifetime and minimizing physical size and overall cost. Nevertheless, these nodes must be able to run cryptographic operations based on primitives such as hash functions, symmetric encryption and public key cryptography in order to allow the creation of secure services. Our objective in this paper is to survey how the existing research-based and commercial-based sensor nodes are suitable for this purpose, analyzing how the hardware can influence the provision of the primitives and how software implementations tackles the task of implementing instances of those primitives. As a result, it will be possible to evaluate the influence of provision of security in the protocols and applications/scenarios where sensors can be used.

}, keywords = {Cryptography, Hardware, Sensor Networks}, issn = {1383-469X}, doi = {10.1007/s11036-007-0024-2}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/3785k818327456gq/}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {FernandezGago2007, title = {A Survey on the Applicability of Trust Management Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {3rd International Workshop on Security, Privacy and Trust in Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (SecPerU{\textquoteright}07)}, year = {2007}, pages = {25-30}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, organization = {IEEE Computer Society}, address = {Istanbul (Turkey)}, abstract = {

Trust plays an important role in human life environments and virtual organizations. In the context of a network, trust may help its elements to decide whether another member of the same network is being uncooperative or malicious. Trust becomes quite important in self-configurable and autonomous systems, such as wireless sensor networks (WSN). However, very little effort has been done in the field of trust management in WSN. On the other hand, some efforts have been made in quite related fields such as Ad-hoc and P2P networks. In this paper we give an overview of existing trust management solutions, mainly those developed for Ad-Hoc and P2P networks and, more importantly, investigate their suitability to WSN. We also provide some guidelines to aid the development of trust management systems for WSN according to the nature of these networks.

}, doi = {10.1109/SECPERU.2007.3}, author = {Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {JavierLopez2006a, title = {Service-Oriented Security Architecture for CII based on Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {2nd International Workshop on Security Privacy and Trust in Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (SecPerU{\textquoteright}06)}, year = {2006}, month = {June}, pages = {1-6}, publisher = {IEEE Press}, organization = {IEEE Press}, address = {Lyon, France}, abstract = {

The extraordinary growth of the Information Society is originating a high dependency on ICT. This provokes that those strongly interrelated technological infrastructures, as well as the information systems that underpin them, become highly critical, since their disruption would lead to high economical, material and, sometimes, human loss. As a consequence, the protection of these Critical Information Infrastructures is becoming a major objective for governments and companies. In this paper, we give an overview of the main challenges and open research issues on Critical Information Infrastructure security, and introduce an on-going research project that, using wireless sensor networks as an underlying technology, is dealing with those problems. Our research project focuses on the development of protection, control, evaluation, maintenance and verification mechanisms, integrated into a secure service-oriented architecture.

}, author = {Javier Lopez and Jose A. Montenegro and Rodrigo Roman} } @inproceedings {Roman2005e, title = {On the Security of Wireless Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA{\textquoteright}05)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {3482}, year = {2005}, month = {May}, pages = {681-690}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Singapore}, abstract = {

Wireless Sensor Networks are extremely vulnerable against any kind of internal or external attacks, due to several factors such as resource-constrained nodes and lack of tamper-resistant packages. As a result, security must be an important factor to have in mind when designing the infrastructure and protocols of sensor networks. In this paper we survey the state-of-the-art security issues in sensor networks and highlight the open areas of research.security issues in sensor networks and highlight the open areas of research.

}, isbn = {978-3-540-25862-9}, issn = {0302-9743 (Print) 1611-3349 (Online)}, doi = {10.1007/11424857_75}, url = {http://www.springerlink.com/content/pvnd4eu8b7acgtpe/}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Jianying Zhou and Javier Lopez} }