@article {Roman2023a, title = {Current Perspectives on Securing Critical Infrastructures{\textquoteright} Supply Chains}, journal = {IEEE Security \& Privacy}, year = {In Press}, publisher = {IEEE}, issn = {1540-7993}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez and Kouichi Sakurai} } @article {Syrmakesis2022, title = {Classifying resilience approaches for protecting smart grids against cyber threats}, journal = {International Journal of Information Security}, volume = {21}, year = {2022}, month = {05/2022}, pages = {1189{\textendash}1210}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Springer Verlag}, abstract = {

Smart grids (SG) draw the attention of cyber attackers due to their vulnerabilities, which are caused by the usage of heterogeneous communication technologies and their distributed nature. While preventing or detecting cyber attacks is a well-studied field of research, making SG more resilient against such threats is a challenging task. This paper provides a classification of the proposed cyber resilience methods against cyber attacks for SG. This classification includes a set of studies that propose cyber-resilient approaches to protect SG and related cyber-physical systems against unforeseen anomalies or deliberate attacks. Each study is briefly analyzed and is associated with the proper cyber resilience technique which is given by the National Institute of Standards and Technology in the Special Publication 800-160. These techniques are also linked to the different states of the typical resilience curve. Consequently, this paper highlights the most critical challenges for achieving cyber resilience, reveals significant cyber resilience aspects that have not been sufficiently considered yet and, finally, proposes scientific areas that should be further researched in order to enhance the cyber resilience of SG.

}, keywords = {Cyber threats, cyber-physical systems, resilience, Smart grids}, issn = {1615-5262}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/s10207-022-00594-7}, url = {https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s10207-022-00594-7.pdf}, author = {Andrew D. Syrmakesis and Cristina Alcaraz and Nikos D. Hatziargyriou~} } @inproceedings {1990, title = {Configuration vulnerability in SNORT for Windows operating systems}, booktitle = {2022 IEEE International Conference on Cyber Security and Resilience (IEEE CSR)}, year = {2022}, month = {08/2022}, pages = {82-89}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {https://www.ieee-csr.org}, abstract = {

Cyber-attacks against Industrial Control Systems (ICS) can lead to catastrophic events which can be prevented by the use of security measures such as the Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS). In this work we experimentally demonstrate how to exploit the configuration vulnerabilities of SNORT one of the most adopted IPSs to significantly degrade the effectiveness of the IPS and consequently allowing successful cyber-attacks. We illustrate how to design a batch script able to retrieve and modify the configuration files of SNORT in order to disable its ability to detect and block Denial of Service (DoS) and ARP poisoning-based Man-In-The-Middle (MITM) attacks against a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) in an ICS network. Experimental tests performed on a water distribution testbed show that, despite the presence of IPS, the DoS and ARP spoofed packets reach the destination causing respectively the disconnection of the PLC from the ICS network and the modification of packets payload.

}, isbn = {978-1-6654-9952-1}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/CSR54599.2022.9850309}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9850309}, author = {Luca Faramondi and Marta Grassi and Simone Guarino and Roberto Setola and Cristina Alcaraz} } @article {ishak22, title = {Learning multi-party adversarial encryption and its application to secret sharing}, journal = {IEEE Access }, year = {2022}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

Neural networks based cryptography has seen a significant growth since the introduction of adversarial cryptography which makes use of Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) to build neural networks that can learn encryption. The encryption has been proven weak at first but many follow up works have shown that the neural networks can be made to learn the One Time Pad (OTP) and produce perfectly secure ciphertexts. To the best of our knowledge, existing works only considered communications between two or three parties. In this paper, we show how multiple neural networks in an adversarial setup can remotely synchronize and establish a perfectly secure communication in the presence of different attackers eavesdropping their communication. As an application, we show how to build Secret Sharing Scheme based on this perfectly secure multi-party communication. The results show that it takes around 45,000 training steps for 4 neural networks to synchronize and reach equilibria. When reaching equilibria, all the neural networks are able to communicate between each other and the attackers are not able to break the ciphertexts exchanged between them.

}, keywords = {Cryptography, Encryption, Generative Adversarial Networks, Kernel, Mathematical models, Neural networks, Secret Sharing, Synchronization, Training}, issn = {2169-3536}, doi = {10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3223430}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3223430}, author = {Ishak Meraouche and Sabyasachi Dutta and Sraban Kumar Mohanty and Isaac Agudo and Kouichi Sakurai} } @incollection {1844, title = {Risk Assessment for IoT-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems}, booktitle = {Advances in Core Computer Science-Based Technologies}, year = {2021}, pages = {157-173}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, abstract = {

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have enabled Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to become fully interconnected. This connectivity however has radically changed their threat landscape. Existing risk assessment methodologies often fail to identify various attack paths that stem from the new connectivity/functionality features of IoT-enabled CPS. Even worse, due to their inherent characteristics, IoT systems are usually the weakest link in the security chain and thus many attacks utilize IoT technologies as their key enabler. In this paper we review risk assessment methodologies for IoT-enabled CPS. In addition, based on our previous work (Stellios et al. in IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 20:3453{\textendash}3495, 2018, [47]) on modeling IoT-enabled cyberattacks, we present a high-level risk assessment approach, specifically suited for IoT-enabled CPS. The mail goal is to enable an assessor to identify and assess\ non-obvious(indirect or subliminal) attack paths introduced by IoT technologies, that usually target mission critical components of an CPS.

}, keywords = {Critical Infrastructures, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), Risk assessment Attack paths}, isbn = {978-3-030-41196-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-41196-1_8}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41196-1_8}, author = {Ioannis Stellios and Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Mihalis Psarakis and Cristina Alcaraz} } @article {alcaraz2019a, title = {Covert Channels-based Stealth Attacks in Industry 4.0}, journal = {IEEE Systems Journal.}, volume = {13}, year = {2019}, month = {12/2019}, pages = {3980-3988}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

Industry 4.0 advent opens several cyber-threats scenarios originally designed for classic information technology, drawing the attention to the serious risks for the modern industrial control networks.\ To cope with this problem, in this paper we address the security issues related to covert channels applied to industrial networks, identifying the new vulnerability points when information technologies converge with operational technologies such as edge computing infrastructures.\ Specifically, we define two signaling strategies where we exploit the Modbus/TCP protocol as target to set up a covert channel. Once the threat channel is established, passive and active offensive attacks (i.e. data exfiltration and command an control, respectively) are further exploited by implementing and testing them on a real Industrial Internet of Things testbed.\ The experimental results highlight the potential damage of such specific threats, and the easy extrapolation of the attacks to other types of channels in order to show the new risks for Industry 4.0. Related to this, we discuss some countermeasures to offer an overview of possible mitigation and defense measures.

}, issn = {1932-8184}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/JSYST.2019.2912308}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8715420?source=authoralert}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Giuseppe Bernieri and Federica Pascucci and Javier Lopez and Roberto Setola} } @article {IonnaisPanosMihalisAlcarazLopez2018, title = {Survey of IoT-enabled Cyberattacks: Assessing Attack Paths to Critical Infrastructures and Services}, journal = { IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials}, volume = {20}, year = {2018}, month = {07/2018}, pages = {3453-3495}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

As the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT)\ is experiencing an exponential growth, it is no surprise that\ many recent cyber attacks are IoT-enabled: The attacker initially\ exploits some vulnerable IoT technology as a first step towards\ compromising a critical system that is connected, in some way,\ with the IoT. For some sectors, like industry, smart grids,\ transportation and medical services, the significance of such\ attacks is obvious, since IoT technologies are part of critical backend\ systems. However, in sectors where IoT is usually at the enduser\ side, like smart homes, such attacks can be underestimated,\ since not all possible attack paths are examined. In this paper\ we survey IoT-enabled cyber attacks, found in all application\ domains since 2010. For each sector, we emphasize on the latest,\ verified IoT-enabled attacks, based on known real-world incidents\ and published proof-of-concept attacks. We methodologically\ analyze representative attacks that demonstrate direct, indirect\ and subliminal attack paths against critical targets. Our goal is\ threefold: (i) To assess IoT-enabled cyber attacks in a risk-like\ approach, in order to demonstrate their current threat landscape;\ (ii) To identify hidden and subliminal IoT-enabled attack paths\ against critical infrastructures and services, and (iii) To examine\ mitigation strategies for all application domains.

}, keywords = {Critical Infrastructures, Cyber Attacks, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Internet of Things, SCADA, Smart grids, Smart Home, Smart Medical Systems}, issn = {1553-877X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2855563}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8410404}, author = {Ioannis Stellios and Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Mihalis Psarakis and Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez} } @article {NietNLS15, title = {Dynamic Knowledge-based Analysis in non-Secure 5G Green Environments using Contextual Data}, journal = {IEEE Systems Journal}, volume = {11}, number = {99}, year = {2017}, month = {12/2017}, pages = {2479-2489}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

The growing number of parameters in heteroge- neous networks, as is the case of the fifth generation (5G) Green networks, greatly complicates the analysis of the Security and Quality of Service Tradeoff (SQT). However, studying these types of relationships is crucial in Future Internet scenarios to prevent potential points of failure and to enhance the use of limited resources, increasing the user{\textquoteright}s experience. Therefore, it is fundamental to provide tools and models for training, so that the users understand these dependencies and solve them prior to deploying new solutions. In this paper, a Recommendation System for SQT (SQT-RS) is deployed in 5G Green systems, considering the particular case of relay networks and the impact of eavesdropping and jamming contexts on the models generated by the user, aided by SQT-RS. With this goal in mind, we provide a component for the user to automatically select specific contexts based on 5G Green capabilities.\ 

}, keywords = {cellular networks, Communication system security, Context, Green design, Knowledge-based systems}, issn = {1932-8184}, doi = {10.1109/JSYST.2015.2477782}, author = {Ana Nieto and Nikolaos Nomikos and Javier Lopez and Charalambos Skianis} } @article {NNMSVRLS, title = {Relay Selection for Secure 5G Green Communications}, journal = {Telecommunication Systems }, volume = {59}, year = {2015}, month = {05/2015}, pages = {169-187}, publisher = {Springer US}, abstract = {

In this article, we present relay selection policies in applications with secrecy requirements which are of interest in the fifth generation (5G) of wireless networks. More specifically, we provide a classification of relays based on their distinct communication attributes, such as processing, multiple antennas, storage, channel estimation, density and security level. In addition, we discuss the level of efficiency exhibited by each relay class, regarding their impact in delay-critical applications and green communications applications, while aiming at a specific security level at the physical layer. Then, relay selection policies are proposed taking into consideration the goals set by each application. Numerical evaluation of the proposed policies in terms of the average secrecy rate, average delay and power reduction show improved performance compared to other state-of-the-art solutions.\ 

}, keywords = {5G relays, Delay-critical, Power-efficient communications, Relay selection, security}, issn = {1018-4864}, doi = {10.1007/s11235-014-9890-7}, url = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11235-014-9890-7}, author = {Nikolaos Nomikos and Ana Nieto and Prodromos Makris and Dimitrios N. Skoutas and Demosthenes Vouyioukas and Panagiotis Rizomiliotis and Javier Lopez and Charalambos Skianis} } @inproceedings {1637, title = {An Intelligent and Adaptive Live Simulator: A new Concept for Cybersecurity Training}, booktitle = {9th Future Security Conference}, year = {2014}, address = {Berlin}, abstract = {

The rapid rate of change in technology and the increasing sophistication of cyber attacks require any organization to have a continuous preparation. However, the resource and time intensive nature of cybersecurity education and training renders traditional approaches highly inefficient. Simulators have attracted the attention in the last years as a potential solution for cybersecurity training. However, in spite of the advances achieved, there is still an urgent need to address some open challenges. In this paper we present a novel simulator that solves some these challenges. First, we analyse the main properties that any cybersecurity training solution should comprise, and evaluate to what extent training simulators can meet them. Next, we introduce the functional architecture and innovative features of the simulator, of which a functional prototype has already been released. Finally, we demonstrate how these capabilities are put into practice in training courses already available in the simulator.

}, keywords = {Cyberdefence, Cybersecurity, Education, Simulation, Training}, author = {Jorge L. Hern{\'a}ndez-Ardieta and David Santos and Pascual Parra and Juan E. Tapiador and Pedro Peris-L{\'o}pez and Javier Lopez and Gerardo Fernandez} } @inproceedings {moyano2012stm, title = {Building Trust and Reputation In: A Development Framework for Trust Models Implementation}, booktitle = {8th International Workshop on Security and Trust Management (STM 2012)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {7783}, year = {2013}, pages = {113-128}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Pisa}, abstract = {

During the last years, many trust and reputation models have been proposed, each one targeting different contexts and purposes, and with their own particularities. While most contributions focus on defining ever-increasing complex models, little attention has been paid to the process of building these models inside applications during their implementation. The result is that models have traditionally considered as ad-hoc and after-the-fact solutions that do not always fit with the design of the application. To overcome this, we propose an object-oriented development framework onto which it is possible to build applications that require functionalities provided by trust and reputation models. The framework is extensible and flexible enough to allow implementing an important variety of trust models. This paper presents the framework, describes its main components, and gives examples on how to use it in order to implement three different trust models.

}, isbn = {978-3-642-38004-4}, issn = {0302-9743}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-38004-4}, author = {Francisco Moyano and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Audung J{\o}sang and Pierangela Samarati and Marinella Petrocchi} } @inproceedings {alcaraz2011critis, title = {PDR: A Prevention, Detection and Response Mechanism for Anomalies in Energy Control Systems}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Critical Information Infrastructures Security (CRITIS 2012)}, volume = {7722}, year = {2013}, pages = {22{\textendash}33}, address = {Lillehammer, Norway}, abstract = {

\ Prevention, detection and response are nowadays considered to be three priority topics for protecting critical infrastructures, such as energy control systems. Despite attempts to address these current issues, there is still a particular lack of investigation in these areas, and in particular in dynamic and automatic proactive solutions. In this paper we propose a mechanism, which is called PDR, with the capability of anticipating anomalies, detecting anomalous behaviours and responding to them in a timely manner. PDR is based on a conglomeration of technologies and on a set of essential components with the purpose of offering situational awareness irrespective of where the system is located. In addition, the mechanism can also compute its functional capacities by evaluating its efficacy and precision in the prediction and detection of disturbances. With this, the entire system is able to know the real reliability of its services and its activity in remote substations at all times.

}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Meltem Sonmez} } @proceedings {1782, title = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Critical Information Infrastructures Security (CRITIS 2012)}, journal = {7th International Conference on Critical Information Infrastructures Security (CRITIS 2012)}, volume = {LNCS 7722}, year = {2013}, month = {2013}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Lillehammer (Norway)}, isbn = {978-3-642-41485-5 }, url = {http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007\%2F978-3-642-41485-5}, editor = {B. Hammerli and N. Svendsen and Javier Lopez} } @proceedings {1792, title = {Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Network and System Security (NSS 2013)}, volume = {LNCS}, number = {7873}, year = {2013}, month = {Jun 2013}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {978-3-642-38631-2}, url = {http://www.springer.com/computer/security+and+cryptology/book/978-3-642-38630-5}, editor = {Javier Lopez and Xinyi Huang and Ravi Sandhu} } @inproceedings {moyano13wisse, title = {Towards Engineering Trust-aware Future Internet Systems}, booktitle = {3rd International Workshop on Information Systems Security Engineering (WISSE 2013)}, series = {LNBIP}, volume = {148}, year = {2013}, month = {Jun 2013}, pages = {490-501}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {Valencia}, abstract = {

Security must be a primary concern when engineering Future Internet (FI) systems and applications. In order to achieve secure solutions, we need to capture security requirements early in the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). Whereas the security community has traditionally focused on providing tools and mechanisms to capture and express hard security requirements (e.g. confidentiality), little attention has been paid to other important requirements such as trust and reputation. We argue that these soft security requirements can leverage security in open, distributed, heterogeneous systems and applications and that they must be included in an early phase as part of the development process. In this paper we propose a UML extension for specifying trust and reputation requirements, and we apply it to an eHealth case study.

}, keywords = {Reputation, Requirements Engineering, Secure Design, Trust}, isbn = {978-3-642-38489-9}, issn = {1865-1348}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-38490-5}, url = {http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-642-38490-5/page/3}, author = {Francisco Moyano and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Xavier Franch and Pnina Soffer} } @book {1696, title = {Advances in Critical Infrastructure Protection: Information Infrastructure Models, Analysis, and Defense}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {6715}, year = {2012}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, issn = {978-3-642-28919-4}, editor = {Javier Lopez and R. Setola and S. Wolthusen} } @incollection {BC2011Alcaraz, title = {Security Aspects of SCADA and DCS Environments}, booktitle = {Critical Infrastructure Protection: Information Infrastructure Models, Analysis, and Defense}, series = {Advances in Critical Infrastructure Protection: Information Infrastructure Models, Analysis, and Defense. LNCS 7130.}, volume = {7130}, year = {2012}, month = {September 2012}, pages = {120-149}, publisher = {Springer-Verlag}, organization = {Springer-Verlag}, address = {Heidelberger (Berlin, Alemania)}, abstract = {

SCADA Systems can be seen as a fundamental component in Critical Infrastructures, having an impact in the overall performance of other Critical Infrastructures interconnected. Currently, these systems include in their network designs different types of Information and Communication Technology systems (such as the Internet and wireless technologies), not only to modernize operational processes but also to ensure automation and real-time control. Nonetheless, the use of these new technologies will bring new security challenges, which will have a significant impact on both the business process and home users. Therefore, the main purpose of this Chapter is to address these issues and to analyze the interdependencies of Process Control Systems with ICT systems, to discuss some security aspects and to offer some possible solutions and recommendations.

}, keywords = {Critical Information Infrastructure Protection, SCADA Systems}, isbn = {ISBN:978-3-642-28919-4}, issn = {0302-9743}, author = {Cristina Alcaraz and Gerardo Fernandez and Fernando Carvajal}, editor = {Javier Lopez and Stephen. Wolthunsen and Roberto Setola} } @inproceedings {alcaraz2012b, title = {Smart Grid Privacy: Issues and Solutions}, booktitle = {21st International Conference on Computer Communications and Networks (ICCCN)}, year = {2012}, month = {Jul 2012}, pages = {1-5}, publisher = {IEEE Computer Society}, organization = {IEEE Computer Society}, address = {Munich, Germany}, abstract = {

Migration to an electronically controlled electrical grid to transmit, distribute, and deliver power to consumers has helped enhance the reliability and efficiency of conventional electricity systems. At the same time, this digitally enabled technology called the Smart Grid has brought new challenges to businesses and consumers alike. A key component of such a grid is the smart-metering technology, which is used to collect energy consumption data from homes and transmitting it back to power distributors. A crucial concern is the privacy related to the collection and use of energy consumption data. We present an analysis of Smart Grid privacy issues and discuss recently proposed solutions that can protect the privacy of Smart Grid users.

}, keywords = {Computer architecture, Data privacy, Electricity, Home appliances, privacy, security, Smart grids}, isbn = {978-1-4673-1543-2}, doi = {10.1109/ICCCN.2012.6289304}, url = {http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/articleDetails.jsp?tp=\&arnumber=6289304\&contentType=Conference+Publications\&openedRefinements\%3D*\%26pageNumber\%3D7\%26rowsPerPage\%3D100\%26queryText\%3D\%28smart+grid\%29}, author = {F. Siddiqui and S. Zeadally and Cristina Alcaraz and S. Galvao} } @inproceedings {neumann2012strong, title = {Strong Authentication of Humans and Machines in Policy Controlled Cloud Computing Environment Using Automatic Cyber Identity}, booktitle = {Information Security Solutions Europe 2012}, year = {2012}, month = {2012}, pages = {195-206}, publisher = {Springer Vieweg}, organization = {Springer Vieweg}, address = {Brussels, Belgium}, abstract = {

The paper describes the experience with integration of automatic cyber identity technology with policy controlled virtualisation environment. One identity technology has been used to enable strong authentication of users (human beings) as well as machines (host systems) to the virtualization management system. The real experimental evaluation has been done in PASSIVE project (Policy-Assessed system-level Security of Sensitive Information processing in Virtualised Environments - SEVENTH FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME THEME ICT-2009.1.4 INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES - Small or medium-scale focused research project - Grant agreement no.: 257644).

}, isbn = {978-3-658-00332-6}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-658-00333-3_19}, author = {Neumann Libor and Tomas Halman and Rotek Pavel and Alexander Boettcher and Julian Stecklina and Michal Sojka and David Nu{\~n}ez and Isaac Agudo}, editor = {Norbert Pohlmann and Helmut Reimer and Wolfgang Schneider} } @inproceedings {Moyano_ESSoS12, title = {A Task Ordering Approach for Automatic Trust Establishment}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the 2012 International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems (ESSoS 2012)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {7159}, year = {2012}, month = {Feb 2012}, pages = {76{\textendash}89}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Eindhoven, The Netherlands}, abstract = {

Trust has become essential in computer science as a way of assisting the process of decision-making, such as access control. In any system, several tasks may be performed, and each of these tasks might pose different associated trust values between the entities of the system. For instance, in a file system, reading and overwriting a file are two tasks that pose different trust values between the users who can carry out these tasks. In this paper, we propose a simple model for automatically establishing trust relationships between entities considering an established order among tasks.

}, keywords = {task ordering, trust evaluation, trust graph}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-28166-2_8}, author = {Francisco Moyano and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Isaac Agudo and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Gilles Barthe and Ben Livshits and Riccardo Scandariato} } @inproceedings {Clarke:2012, title = {Trust \& Security RTD in the Internet of Things: Opportunities for International Cooperation}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the First International Conference on Security of Internet of Things}, series = {SecurIT {\textquoteright}12}, year = {2012}, pages = {172{\textendash}178}, publisher = {ACM}, organization = {ACM}, address = {New York, NY, USA}, abstract = {

While there has been considerable progress in the research and technological development (RTD) of the Internet of Things (IoT), there is still considerable RTD required by international communities for the trust, privacy and security research challenges arising from the constitution of the IoT architectures, infrastructures, communications, devices, objects, applications and services. In this paper, we present an thorough analysis of the ongoing and future RTD work, specifically in Europe, regarding trust, privacy and security of the Internet of Things with a view towards enabling international cooperation efforts around the globe to solve these major research challenges.

}, keywords = {international cooperation (INCO), Internet of Things, privacy, research and technological development (RTD), security, Trust}, isbn = {978-1-4503-1822-8}, doi = {10.1145/2490428.2490452}, url = {http://doi.acm.org/10.1145/2490428.2490452}, author = {Clarke, James and Roman, Rodrigo and Sharma, Abhishek and Lopez, Javier and Suri, Neeraj} } @inproceedings {Najera_JITEL11, title = {Acceso seguro a nodos RFID en una arquitectura de red personal}, booktitle = {X Jornadas de Ingenier{\'\i}a Telem{\'a}tica (JITEL 2011)}, year = {2011}, month = {09/2011}, pages = {104 - 111}, publisher = {Universidad de Cantabria}, organization = {Universidad de Cantabria}, address = {Santander, Spain}, abstract = {

El paradigma de red personal (PN) permitir\á la interacci\ón y colaboraci\ón del creciente abanico de dispositivos personales. Con tal fin la PN ha de integrar en su seno m\últiples tecnolog\ías heterog\éneas con diversas capacidades computacionales y de comunicaci\ón de forma segura. En particular, la incorporaci\ón de la tecnolog\ía RFID en objetos personales conlleva m\últiples riesgos de seguridad y privacidad que han suscitado un elevado inter\és de la comunidad investigadora en los \últimos a\ños. M\ás all\á de su seguridad de forma aislada, su integraci\ón en la PN y la interacci\ón de \ésta con redes de \área extensa como Internet of Things requieren una arquitectura de red personal adecuada para tal contexto. Este art\ículo proporciona los fundamentos de tal arquitectura segura incluyendo el an\álisis de aspectos como la incorporaci\ón e inicializaci\ón de las restringidas etiquetas RFID en la red personal, la autenticaci\ón tanto de miembros de la PN como de usuarios y servicios remotos en su acceso a las tecnolog\ías de contexto, el control de las pol\íticas de privacidad y el establecimiento de canales seguros de comunicaci\ón supervisados.

}, keywords = {arquitectura software, red personal, Seguridad RFID}, isbn = {978-84-694-5948-5}, author = {Pablo Najera and Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Klaus Hackbarth and Ram{\'o}n Ag{\"u}ero and Roberto Sanz} } @inproceedings {agudo2011cryptography, title = {Cryptography Goes to the Cloud}, booktitle = {1st International Workshop on Security and Trust for Applications in Virtualised Environments (STAVE 2011)}, series = {Communications in Computer and Information Science}, volume = {187}, year = {2011}, month = {June}, pages = {190-197}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, abstract = {

In this paper we identify some areas where cryptography can help a rapid adoption of cloud computing. Although secure storage has already captured the attention of many cloud providers, offering a higher level of protection for their customer{\textquoteright}s data, we think that more advanced techniques such as searchable encryption and secure outsourced computation will become popular in the near future, opening the doors of the Cloud to customers with higher security requirements.

}, isbn = {978-3-642-22364-8}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-22365-5_23}, author = {Isaac Agudo and David Nu{\~n}ez and Gabriele Giammatteo and Panagiotis Rizomiliotis and Costas Lambrinoudakis}, editor = {Changhoon Lee and Jean-Marc Seigneur and James J. Park and Roland R. Wagner} } @article {roman2011, title = {Key management systems for sensor networks in the context of the Internet of Things}, journal = {Computers \& Electrical Engineering}, volume = {37}, year = {2011}, month = {Mar 2011}, pages = {147-159}, publisher = {Elsevier}, abstract = {

If a wireless sensor network (WSN) is to be completely integrated into the Internet as part of the Internet of Things (IoT), it is necessary to consider various security challenges, such as the creation of a secure channel between an Internet host and a sensor node. In order to create such a channel, it is necessary to provide key management mechanisms that allow two remote devices to negotiate certain security credentials (e.g. secret keys) that will be used to protect the information flow. In this paper we will analyse not only the applicability of existing mechanisms such as public key cryptography and pre-shared keys for sensor nodes in the IoT context, but also the applicability of those link-layer oriented key management systems (KMS) whose original purpose is to provide shared keys for sensor nodes belonging to the same WSN.

}, issn = {0045-7906}, doi = {10.1016/j.compeleceng.2011.01.009}, url = {http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6V25-527FRSD-1/2/62661c595153993639c43b9b331d8d66}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez and Nicolas Sklavos} } @inproceedings {Leon11, title = {Towards a Cooperative Intrusion Detection System for Cognitive Radio Networks}, booktitle = {Workshop on Wireless Cooperative Network Security (WCNS{\textquoteright}11)}, series = {LNCS}, year = {2011}, month = {May}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, abstract = {

Cognitive Radio Networks (CRNs) arise as a promising solution to the scarcity of spectrum. By means of cooperation and smart decisions influenced by previous knowledge, CRNs are able to detect and profit from the best spectrum opportunities without interfering primary licensed users. However, besides the well-known attacks to wireless networks, new attacks threat this type of networks. In this paper we analyze these threats and propose a set of intrusion detection modules targeted to detect them. Provided method will allow a CRN to identify attack sources and types of attacks, and to properly react against them.

}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-23041-7_22}, url = {http://www.networking2011.org/workshops/WCNS.html}, author = {Olga Leon and Rodrigo Roman and Juan Hernandez Serrano} } @proceedings {trustbus2010_proc, title = {Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business, 7th International Conference, TrustBus 2010, Bilbao, Spain, August 30-31, 2010. Proceedings}, journal = {TrustBus}, volume = {6264}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {978-3-642-15151-4}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-15152-1}, editor = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Miguel Soriano} } @article {1705, title = {Secure multiparty payment with an intermediary entity}, journal = {Computers and Security}, volume = {28}, number = {5}, year = {2009}, pages = {289-300}, publisher = {Elsevier}, issn = {0167-4048}, author = {Mildrey Carbonell and Jose Maria Sierra and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Benito2009, title = {SMEPP: A Secure Middleware for Embedded P2P}, booktitle = {ICT Mobile and Wireless Communications Summit (ICT-MobileSummit{\textquoteright}09)}, year = {2009}, month = {June}, address = {Santander (Spain)}, abstract = {

The increasing presence of embedded devices with internet access capabilities constitutes a new challenge in software development. These devices are now cooperating in a distributed manner towards what has been called as \"Internet of Things\". In this new scenario the client-server model is sometimes not adequate and dynamic ad-hoc networks are more common than before. However, security poses as a hard issue as these systems are extremely vulnerable. In this paper, we introduce SMEPP project, which aims at developing a middleware designed for P2P systems with a special focus on embedded devices and security. SMEPP is designed to be deployed in a wide range of devices. It tries to ease the development of applications hiding platforms details and other aspects such as scalability, adaptability and interoperability. A full implementation of this middleware is already available that incorporates security features specially designed for low-resource devices. Moreover, we describe two business applications being developed using this middleware in the context of \"Digital Home\" and \"Environmental Monitoring in Industrial Environments\".

}, isbn = {978-1-905824-12-0}, author = {Rafael J. Caro and David Garrido and Pierre Plaza and Rodrigo Roman and Nuria Sanz and Jose L. Serrano} } @incollection {Roman2009b, title = {Trust and Reputation Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {Security and Privacy in Mobile and Wireless Networking}, year = {2009}, pages = {105-128}, publisher = {Troubador Publishing Ltd}, organization = {Troubador Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

The concept of trust has become very relevant in the late years as a consequence of the growth of fields such as internet transactions or electronic commerce. In general, trust has become of paramount importance for any kind of distributed networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSN in the following). In this chapter of the book, we try to give a general overview of the state of the art on trust management systems for WSN and also try to identify the main features of the architectures of these trust management systems.

}, isbn = {978-1905886-906}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez and Hsiao Hwa Chen}, editor = {Stefanos Gritzalis and Tom Karygiannis and Charalabos Skianis} } @incollection {Roman2008, title = {On the Hardware Implementation Efficiency of Cryptographic Primitives}, booktitle = {Wireless Sensor Network Security}, year = {2008}, publisher = {IOS Press}, organization = {IOS Press}, abstract = {

Security has been proven a crucial factor in the provision of data services and especially in the computer-related environments. While wired and wireless networks come to all sectors of everyday life, security tries to satisfy the growing needs for confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation. There are many instances of security primitives and each one of them has different requirements in terms of processing power, word size, etc. Therefore, it is important to review the functionality of the less resource-demanding encryption algorithms in order to analyze their theoretical suitability to the existent sensor node hardware. Still, the constraints inherent to the sensor nodes advise against the total dependence on software-based implementations, even more in the case of expensive primitives.

}, isbn = {978-1-58603-813-7}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Cristina Alcaraz and Nicolas Sklavos}, editor = {Javier Lopez and Jianying Zhou} } @proceedings {Onieva2008, title = {Information Security Theory and Practices. Smart Devices, Convergence and Next Generation Networks}, journal = {Workshop in Information Security Theory and Practices}, volume = {5019}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Springer Verlag}, address = {Seville, Spain}, editor = {Jose A. Onieva and Sauveron D. and Chaumette S. and Gollmann D. and Markantonakis K.} } @inproceedings {Benito2008, title = {Middleware Seguro EP2P: un Desaf{\'\i}o para las Redes Sociales}, booktitle = {XVIII Jornadas Telecom I+D}, year = {2008}, month = {October}, address = {Bilbao (Spain)}, abstract = {

Los sistemas distribuidos en dispositivos embebidos representan un nuevo reto en el desarrollo de software. Estos sistemas han supuesto una importante revoluci{\'o}n en el paradigma de la computaci{\'o}n distribuida donde se intenta fragmentar un problema grande en m{\'u}ltiples problemas m{\'a}s peque{\~n}os. El nuevo escenario tiende entonces hacia sistemas en los cuales todos los elementos de la red se consideran iguales y los mecanismos de comunicaci{\'o}n est{\~a}n basados en redes ad-hoc que se forman din{\'a}micamente. De esta forma cualquier usuario de la red (en realidad cualquier elemento, hasta el m{\'a}s simple dispositivo) adquiere valor, a mayor colaboraci{\'o}n, mayor {\'e}xito del sistema. Sin embargo, desde el punto de vista de la seguridad, estos sistemas son extremadamente vulnerables. En este art{\'\i}culo se presenta SMEPP, un middleware dise{\~n}ado especialmente para sistemas P2P incluyendo aspectos de seguridad. SMEPP est{\'a} dise{\~n}ado para poder ser ejecutado en un amplio rango de dispositivos (desde redes de sensores hasta PC), y trata de facilitar el desarrollo de aplicaciones ocultando los detalles de la plataforma y otros aspectos tales como escalabilidad, adaptabilidad e interoperabilidad. Adem{\'a}s el art{\'\i}culo presenta dos aplicaciones de alto nivel que utilizando este middleware pasan a ser m{\'a}s personales, m{\'a}s sociales y m{\'a}s baratas, haciendo que todos los usuarios de la red cobren mayor importancia.

}, author = {Rafael J. Caro and David Garrido and Pierre Plaza and Rodrigo Roman and Nuria Sanz and Jose L. Serrano} } @inproceedings {MildreyCarbonell2007a, title = {Estimation of TTP Features in Non-repudiation Service}, booktitle = {7th International Conference on Computational Science and Its Applications (ICCSA{\textquoteright}07)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {4706}, year = {2007}, pages = {549-558}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, abstract = {In order to achieve a high performance in a real implementation of the non-repudiation service it is necessary to estimate timeouts, TTP features, publication key time, number of originators and recipients, and other relevant parameters. An initial work of the authors focused on a basic event-oriented simulation model for the estimation of timeouts. In the actual work, we present a set of extensions to that basic model for the estimation of the TTP features (storage capacity and ftp connection capacity). We present and analyze the new and valuable results obtained.}, author = {Mildrey Carbonell and Jose Maria Sierra and Jose A. Onieva and Javier Lopez and Jianying Zhou} } @proceedings {1609, title = {Public Key Infrastructure, 4th European PKI Workshop: Theory and Practice, EuroPKI 2007, Palma de Mallorca, Spain, June 28-30, 2007, Proceedings}, journal = {EuroPKI}, volume = {4582}, year = {2007}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {978-3-540-73407-9}, editor = {Javier Lopez and Pierangela Samarati and Josep L. Ferrer} } @inproceedings {1734, title = {Modelo de pago con intermediario. Su aplicaci{\'o}n a un escenario real}, booktitle = {IX Reuni{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola sobre Criptolog{\'\i}a y Seguridad de la informaci{\'o}n (IX RECSI)}, year = {2006}, month = {Sep 2006}, pages = {35-46}, address = {Barcelona (Spain)}, isbn = {ISBN.978-84-9788-502-3}, author = {Mildrey Carbonell and Jose Maria Sierra and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {Cid2006, title = {Software Engineering Techniqes Applied to AmI: Security Patterns}, booktitle = {First International Conference on Ambient Intelligence Developments (AmID{\textquoteright}06)}, year = {2006}, month = {September}, pages = {108-123}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Sophia-Antipolis (France)}, abstract = {

The realization of the Ambient Intelligence concept entails many important challenges, but the most important barriers to this realization is the lack of adequate support for security. In this paper we present a conceptual model of our solution for building secure systems for AmI environments, taking as basis the concept of Security and Dependability (S\&D) Pattern as a precise representation of validated S\&D solutions and mechanisms. The main elements embedded in our solution framework (S\&D library, monitoring interface and S\&D Manager) are presented both conceptually, and also using a simple example scenario based on an hospital AmI environment.

}, keywords = {Ambient Intelligence, security}, isbn = {978-3-642-01464-2}, doi = {http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-2-287-47610-5_8}, author = {Francisco Sanchez-Cid and Mu{\~n}oz, Antonio and Daniel Serrano and Carmen Fernandez-Gago} } @article {Winfield2005, title = {On the Formal Specification of Emergent Behaviours of Swarm Robotics Systems}, journal = {International Journal of Advanced Robotics Systems}, volume = {2}, year = {2005}, pages = {363-371}, publisher = {SAGE Publishing}, abstract = {

It is a characteristic of swarm robotics that specifying overall emergent swarm behaviours in terms of the low-level behaviours of individual robots is very difficult. Yet if swarm robotics is to make the transition from the laboratory to real-world engineering realisation we need such specifications. This paper explores the use of temporal logic to formally specify, and possibly also prove, the emergent behaviours of a robotic swarm. The paper makes use of a simplified wireless connected swarm as a case study with which to illustrate the approach. Such a formal approach could be an important step toward a disciplined design methodology for swarm robotics.

}, keywords = {Swarm Robotics, temporal resolution}, issn = {1729-8806}, doi = {dx.doi.org/10.5772/5769}, author = {Alan Winfield and Jin Sa and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Clare Dixon and Michale Fisher} } @inproceedings {Roman2005d, title = {Protection Against Spam using Pre-Challenges}, booktitle = {20th IFIP International Information Security Conference (IFIP-SEC{\textquoteright}05)}, year = {2005}, month = {May}, pages = {281-294}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Chiba (Japan)}, abstract = {

Spam turns out to be an increasingly serious problem to email users. A number of anti-spam schemes have been proposed and deployed, but the problem has yet been well addressed. One of those schemes is challenge-response, in which a challenge is imposed on an email sender. However, such a scheme introduces new problems for the users, e.g., delay of service and denial of service attacks. In this paper, we introduce a pre-challenge scheme that avoids those problems. It assumes each user has a challenge that is defined by the user himself/herself and associated with his/her email address, in such a way that an email sender can simultaneously retrieve a new receiver{\textquoteright}s email address and challenge before sending an email in the first contact. Some new mechanisms are employed to reach a good balance between security against spam and convenience to email users.

}, isbn = {0-387-25658-X}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Jianying Zhou and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Ry{\^o}ichi Sasaki and Sihan Qing and Eiji Okamoto and Hiroshi Yoshiura} } @inproceedings {EijiOkamoto2003, title = {Certificate Retrieval and Validation in Online Systems}, booktitle = {Symposium on Cryptography and Information Security (SCIS{\textquoteright}03)}, year = {2003}, month = {January}, pages = {25-30}, address = {Hamamatsu, Japan}, abstract = {

In order to more effectively deal with certificate management issues in PKIs, there is growing interest in supplementing offline X.509 PKI models with online services. An analysis of the security requirements of online models will be presented. Proposed online and delegated processing models will be evaluated in relation to these requirements.

}, author = {Eiji Okamoto and Javier Lopez and Ed Dawson and Juan M. Gonzalez-Nieto and Selwyn Russell and Jason Smith} } @proceedings {1618, title = {Second Spanish Conference on Electronic Commerce, SCE{\textquoteright}03, Barcelona, 10-11 June 2003, Proceedings}, journal = {SCE{\textquoteright}03}, volume = {7}, year = {2003}, publisher = {Fundacion Dintel}, isbn = {8493290203}, editor = {Miguel Soriano and Javier Lopez and Jordi, Forne} } @inproceedings {1736, title = {Online Public Key Infrastructure}, booktitle = {VII Reuni{\'o}n Espa{\~n}ola sobre Criptolog{\'\i}a y Seguridad de la Informaci{\'o}n (VII RECSI)}, year = {2002}, month = {Sep 2002}, pages = {123-135}, address = {Oviedo (Spain)}, isbn = {84-699-8930-8}, author = {W. Caelli and K. Chen and E. Dawson and M. Henricksen and Javier Lopez and E. Okamoto and S. Russell and J. Smith} }