@incollection {1844, title = {Risk Assessment for IoT-Enabled Cyber-Physical Systems}, booktitle = {Advances in Core Computer Science-Based Technologies}, year = {2021}, pages = {157-173}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, organization = {Springer International Publishing}, address = {Cham}, abstract = {

Internet of Things (IoT) technologies have enabled Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) to become fully interconnected. This connectivity however has radically changed their threat landscape. Existing risk assessment methodologies often fail to identify various attack paths that stem from the new connectivity/functionality features of IoT-enabled CPS. Even worse, due to their inherent characteristics, IoT systems are usually the weakest link in the security chain and thus many attacks utilize IoT technologies as their key enabler. In this paper we review risk assessment methodologies for IoT-enabled CPS. In addition, based on our previous work (Stellios et al. in IEEE Commun Surv Tutor 20:3453{\textendash}3495, 2018, [47]) on modeling IoT-enabled cyberattacks, we present a high-level risk assessment approach, specifically suited for IoT-enabled CPS. The mail goal is to enable an assessor to identify and assess\ non-obvious(indirect or subliminal) attack paths introduced by IoT technologies, that usually target mission critical components of an CPS.

}, keywords = {Critical Infrastructures, Cyber Physical Systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), Risk assessment Attack paths}, isbn = {978-3-030-41196-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-030-41196-1_8}, url = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41196-1_8}, author = {Ioannis Stellios and Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Mihalis Psarakis and Cristina Alcaraz} } @inproceedings {1852, title = {A Model Specification Implementation for Trust Negotiation}, booktitle = {The 14th International Conference on Network and System Security (NSS 2020)}, volume = {12570}, year = {2020}, month = {11/2020}, pages = {327-341}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Melbourne, Australia}, abstract = {

Trust negotiation represents a suitable approach for building trust in online environments, where the interacting entities are anonymous. It covers important criteria on security and privacy. In this work, we propose a method for implementing our model specification that handles trust negotiation. We define the structure of the trust negotiation module that is a standalone unit capable of negotiating on its own. It may be included to any software by its defined interfaces. We realise our method with a ride-sharing scenario and four trust negotiation strategies that we apply in order to validate our design and implementation. We propose a solution that is fully customisable based on different requirements. The proposal provides guidelines for developers in the process of including trust negotiation into their software.

}, keywords = {Software Development Life Cycle, Trust, Trust Negotiation}, author = {Martin Kolar and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez} } @article {kolar2019trust, title = {A Model Specification for the Design of Trust Negotiations}, journal = {Computers \& Security}, volume = {84}, year = {2019}, month = {04/2019}, pages = {288-300}, publisher = {Elsevier}, type = {Full article}, abstract = {

Trust negotiation is a type of trust management model for establishing trust between entities by a mutual exchange of credentials. This approach was designed for online environments, where the attributes of users, such as skills, habits, behaviour and experience are unknown. Required criteria of trust negotiation must be supported by a trust negotiation model in order to provide a functional, adequately robust and efficient application. Such criteria were identified previously. In this paper we are presenting a model specification using a UML-based notation for the design of trust negotiation. This specification will become a part of the Software Development Life Cycle, which will provide developers a strong tool for incorporating trust and trust-related issues into the software they create. The specification defines components and their layout for the provision of the essential functionality of trust negotiation on one side as well as optional, additional features on the other side. The extra features make trust negotiation more robust, applicable for more scenarios and may provide a privacy protection functionality.

}, keywords = {Policy, Software Development Life Cycle, Trust Model, Trust Negotiation, UML}, issn = {0167-4048}, doi = {10.1016/j.cose.2019.03.024}, url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167404818310484}, author = {Martin Kolar and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez} } @article {Hiroshi18IoT, title = {Feasibility of Societal Model for Securing Internet of Things}, journal = {KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems}, volume = {12}, number = {8}, year = {2018}, month = {08/2018}, pages = {3567-3588}, publisher = {KSII}, abstract = {

In the Internet of Things (IoT) concept, devices communicate autonomously with applications in the Internet. A significant aspect of IoT that makes it stand apart from present-day networked devices and applications is a) the very large number of devices, produced by diverse makers and used by an even more diverse group of users; b) the applications residing and functioning in what were very private sanctums of life e.g. the car, home, and the people themselves. Since these diverse devices require high-level security, an operational model for an IoT system is required, which has built-in security. We have proposed the societal model as a simple operational model. The basic concept of the model is borrowed from human society {\textendash} there will be infants, the weak and the handicapped who need to be protected by guardians. This natural security mechanism works very well for IoT networks which seem to have inherently weak security mechanisms. In this paper, we discuss the requirements of the societal model and examine its feasibility by doing a proof-of-concept implementation.

}, keywords = {Internet of Things, IoT, network architecture, operational model, security, SNMP}, issn = {1976-7277}, doi = {10.3837/tiis.2018.08.003}, url = {http://www.itiis.org/digital-library/manuscript/2082}, author = {Hiroshi Tsunoda and Rodrigo Roman and Javier Lopez and Glenn Mansfield Keeni} } @proceedings {alcaraz2018a, title = {International Workshop on Security and Trust Management 2018}, journal = {International Workshop on Security and Trust Management}, volume = {11091}, year = {2018}, month = {09/2018}, publisher = {Springer International Publishing}, edition = {LNCS}, address = {Springer Nature Switzerland }, isbn = {978-3-030-01141-3}, issn = {1611-3349}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01141-3}, url = {https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007\%2F978-3-030-01141-3$\#$about}, author = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Cristina Alcaraz} } @inproceedings {kolar2018, title = {Policy Languages and Their Suitability for Trust Negotiation}, booktitle = {32nd Annual IFIP WG 11.3 Conference on Data and Applications Security and Privacy XXXII, 2018}, volume = {10980}, year = {2018}, month = {07/2018}, pages = {69-84}, publisher = {Springer, Cham}, organization = {Springer, Cham}, address = {Bergamo, Italy}, abstract = {

Entities, such as people, companies, institutions, authorities and web sites live and exist in a conjoined world. In order to live and enjoy social benefits, entities need to share knowledge, resources and to cooperate together. The cooperation brings with it many new challenges and problems, among which one is the problem of trust. This area is also important for the Computer Science. When unfamiliar entities wish to cooperate, they do not know what to expect nor whether they can trust each other. Trust negotiation solves this problem by sequential exchanging credentials between entities, which have decided to establish a trust relationship in order to reach a common goal. Entities specify their own policies that handle a disclosure of confidential information to maintain their security and privacy. Policies are defined by means of a policy language. This paper aims to identify the most suitable policy language for trust negotiation. To do so, policy languages are analysed against a set of criteria for trust negotiation that are first established.

}, isbn = {978-3-319-95728-9}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-95729-6_5}, url = {https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-95729-6_5}, author = {Martin Kolar and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez} } @article {IonnaisPanosMihalisAlcarazLopez2018, title = {Survey of IoT-enabled Cyberattacks: Assessing Attack Paths to Critical Infrastructures and Services}, journal = { IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials}, volume = {20}, year = {2018}, month = {07/2018}, pages = {3453-3495}, publisher = {IEEE}, abstract = {

As the deployment of Internet of Things (IoT)\ is experiencing an exponential growth, it is no surprise that\ many recent cyber attacks are IoT-enabled: The attacker initially\ exploits some vulnerable IoT technology as a first step towards\ compromising a critical system that is connected, in some way,\ with the IoT. For some sectors, like industry, smart grids,\ transportation and medical services, the significance of such\ attacks is obvious, since IoT technologies are part of critical backend\ systems. However, in sectors where IoT is usually at the enduser\ side, like smart homes, such attacks can be underestimated,\ since not all possible attack paths are examined. In this paper\ we survey IoT-enabled cyber attacks, found in all application\ domains since 2010. For each sector, we emphasize on the latest,\ verified IoT-enabled attacks, based on known real-world incidents\ and published proof-of-concept attacks. We methodologically\ analyze representative attacks that demonstrate direct, indirect\ and subliminal attack paths against critical targets. Our goal is\ threefold: (i) To assess IoT-enabled cyber attacks in a risk-like\ approach, in order to demonstrate their current threat landscape;\ (ii) To identify hidden and subliminal IoT-enabled attack paths\ against critical infrastructures and services, and (iii) To examine\ mitigation strategies for all application domains.

}, keywords = {Critical Infrastructures, Cyber Attacks, Intelligent Transportation Systems, Internet of Things, SCADA, Smart grids, Smart Home, Smart Medical Systems}, issn = {1553-877X}, doi = {https://doi.org/10.1109/COMST.2018.2855563}, url = {https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8410404}, author = {Ioannis Stellios and Panayiotis Kotzanikolaou and Mihalis Psarakis and Cristina Alcaraz and Javier Lopez} } @inproceedings {agudo2016technique, title = {A Technique for Enhanced Provision of Appropriate Access to Evidence across Service Provision Chains}, booktitle = {10th International IFIP Summer School on Privacy and Identity Management}, year = {2016}, pages = {187-204}, abstract = {

Transparency and verifiability are necessary aspects of accountability, but care needs to be taken that auditing is done in a privacy friendly way. There are situations where it would be useful for certain actors to be able to make restricted views within service provision chains on accountability evidence, including logs, available to other actors with specific governance roles. For example, a data subject or a Data Protection Authority (DPA) might want to authorize an accountability agent to act on their behalf, and be given access to certain logs in a way that does not compromise the privacy of other actors or the security of involved data processors. In this paper two cryptographic-based techniques that may address this issue are proposed and assessed.

}, isbn = {978-3-319-41762-2}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-41763-9_13}, author = {Isaac Agudo and Ali El Kaafarani and David Nu{\~n}ez and Siani Pearson} } @inproceedings {1516, title = {Tools for Cloud Accountability: A4Cloud Tutorial}, booktitle = {9th IFIP Summer School on Privacy and Identity Management for the Future Internet in the Age of Globalisation}, volume = {457}, year = {2015}, pages = {219-236}, publisher = {Springer IFIP AICT}, organization = {Springer IFIP AICT}, address = {Patras (Greece)}, abstract = {

Cloud computing is becoming a key IT infrastructure technology being adopted progressively by companies and users. Still, there are issues and uncertainties surrounding its adoption, such as security and how users data is dealt with that require attention from developers, researchers, providers and users. The A4Cloud project tries to help solving the problem of accountability in the cloud by providing tools that support the process of achieving accountability. This paper presents the contents of the first A4Cloud tutorial. These contents include basic concepts and tools developed within the project. In particular, we will review how metrics can aid the accountability process and some of the tools that the A4Cloud project will produce such as the Data Track Tool (DTT) and the Cloud Offering Advisory Tool (COAT).

}, isbn = {978-3-319-18620-7}, issn = {978-3-319-18621-4}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-319-18621-4_15}, author = {Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Vasilis Tountopoulos and Simone Fischer-H{\"u}bner and Rehab Alnemr and David Nu{\~n}ez and Julio Angulo and Tobias Pulls and Theo Koulouris} } @proceedings {421, title = {Procedings of the 10th European Workshop on Public Key Infrastructures, Services and Applications}, journal = {10th European Workshop on Public Key Infrastructures, Services and Applications}, volume = {8341}, year = {2014}, publisher = {Springer}, edition = {LNCS}, isbn = {978-3-642-53996-1}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-53997-8}, author = {Sokratis Katsikas and Isaac Agudo} } @inproceedings {moyano2012trustbus, title = {A Conceptual Framework for Trust Models}, booktitle = {9th International Conference on Trust, Privacy \& Security in Digital Business (TrustBus 2012)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {7449}, year = {2012}, month = {Sep 2012}, pages = {93-104}, publisher = {Springer Verlag}, organization = {Springer Verlag}, address = {Vienna}, abstract = {

During the last twenty years, a huge amount of trust and reputation models have been proposed, each of them with their own particularities and targeting different domains. While much effort has been made in defining ever-increasing complex models, little attention has been paid to abstract away the particularities of these models into a common set of easily understandable concepts. We propose a conceptual framework for computational trust models that will be used for analyzing their features and for comparing heterogeneous and relevant trust models.

}, isbn = {978-3-642-32286-0}, issn = {0302-9743}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-32287-7}, author = {Francisco Moyano and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Fischer-H{\"u}bner, Simone and Katsikas, Sokratis and Quirchmayr, Gerald} } @proceedings {1781, title = {Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security (CSS 2012)}, journal = {4th International Symposium on Cyberspace Safety and Security (CSS 2012)}, volume = {LNCS}, year = {2012}, month = {Dec 2012}, publisher = {Springer}, address = {Melbourne (Australia)}, issn = {978-3-642-35362-8}, editor = {Y. Xiang and Javier Lopez and C. Kuo and W. Zhou} } @inproceedings {moyano2012essosds, title = {Service-Oriented Trust and Reputation Architecture}, booktitle = {Proceedings of the Doctoral Symposium of the International Symposium on Engineering Secure Software and Systems (ESSoS-DS 2012)}, series = {CEUR-WS}, volume = {834}, year = {2012}, note = {

Partner:UMA, Project:NESSoS

}, pages = {41-46}, publisher = {CEUR-WS}, organization = {CEUR-WS}, address = {Eindhoven}, abstract = {

As the Future Internet arrives, more complex, service-based applications are spreading. These applications pose several challenges, including the huge amount of entities that must interact and their het- erogeneity. The success of these applications depends on the collaboration and communication of these entities, that might belong to different or- ganizations and administrative domains. Therefore, trust and reputation become two crucial issues. We propose the specification and design of a service-based security architecture that stresses the delivery of trust and reputation services to any application that might require them.

}, issn = {1613-0073}, url = {http://ceur-ws.org/Vol-834/paper7_essosds2012.pdf}, author = {Francisco Moyano and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez}, editor = {Jorge Cuellar and Nora Koch} } @inproceedings {6059235, title = {OSAMI Commons: An open dynamic services platform for ambient intelligence}, booktitle = {IEEE 16th Conference on Emerging Technologies Factory Automation (ETFA 2011)}, year = {2011}, month = {Sep 2011}, pages = {1-10}, publisher = {IEEE}, organization = {IEEE}, address = {Toulouse, France}, abstract = {

Today we live in an environment surrounded with networked converging devices. Human computer interactions are becoming personalized and a new concept of a global and cross-domain platform is emerging to exploit the full potential of the network in all business areas. In this convergence process, the software platform should be able to personalize itself dynamically in devices according to the context. OSAmI-Commons, an ITEA2 project for developing an open-source common approach to such a dynamic service-based platform, allows any type of device to connect and exchange information and services. OSAMI consortium is contributing to defining the foundations of a cross-platform open-services ecosystem. The sustainability of this platform is an objective beyond the project duration.

}, isbn = {978-1-4577-0016-3}, issn = {1946-0740}, doi = {10.1109/ETFA.2011.6059235}, author = {Naci Dai and Jesus Bermejo and Felix Cuadrado Latasa and Alejandra Ruiz L{\'o}pez and Isaac Agudo and Elmar Zeeb and Jan Krueger and Oliver Dohndorf and Wolfgang Thronicke and Christoph Fiehe and Anna Litvina} } @incollection {Moyano_DHNChapter, title = {Security}, booktitle = {Digital Home Networking}, year = {2011}, pages = {139-202}, chapter = {Security}, issn = {9781848213210}, author = {Francisco Moyano and Rodrigo Roman and Anas Abou El Kalam and Marc Lacoste and Mohamed Maachaoui}, editor = {Romain Carbou and Michel Diaz and Ernesto Exposito and Rodrigo Roman} } @proceedings {trustbus2010_proc, title = {Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business, 7th International Conference, TrustBus 2010, Bilbao, Spain, August 30-31, 2010. Proceedings}, journal = {TrustBus}, volume = {6264}, year = {2010}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {978-3-642-15151-4}, doi = {10.1007/978-3-642-15152-1}, editor = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Miguel Soriano} } @incollection {Roman2009b, title = {Trust and Reputation Systems for Wireless Sensor Networks}, booktitle = {Security and Privacy in Mobile and Wireless Networking}, year = {2009}, pages = {105-128}, publisher = {Troubador Publishing Ltd}, organization = {Troubador Publishing Ltd}, abstract = {

The concept of trust has become very relevant in the late years as a consequence of the growth of fields such as internet transactions or electronic commerce. In general, trust has become of paramount importance for any kind of distributed networks, such as wireless sensor networks (WSN in the following). In this chapter of the book, we try to give a general overview of the state of the art on trust management systems for WSN and also try to identify the main features of the architectures of these trust management systems.

}, isbn = {978-1905886-906}, author = {Rodrigo Roman and Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Javier Lopez and Hsiao Hwa Chen}, editor = {Stefanos Gritzalis and Tom Karygiannis and Charalabos Skianis} } @proceedings {Onieva2008, title = {Information Security Theory and Practices. Smart Devices, Convergence and Next Generation Networks}, journal = {Workshop in Information Security Theory and Practices}, volume = {5019}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Springer Verlag}, address = {Seville, Spain}, editor = {Jose A. Onieva and Sauveron D. and Chaumette S. and Gollmann D. and Markantonakis K.} } @book {1620, title = {Securing Information and Communications Systems: Principles, Technologies and Applications}, year = {2008}, publisher = {Artech House}, organization = {Artech House}, issn = {1596932287}, author = {Furnell, S and Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Patel, A} } @proceedings {1611, title = {Information Security, 9th International Conference, ISC 2006, Samos Island, Greece, August 30 - September 2, 2006, Proceedings}, journal = {ISC}, volume = {4176}, year = {2006}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {3-540-38341-7}, editor = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Michael Backes and Stefanos Gritzalis and Bart Preneel} } @article {Fernandez2005, title = {First-Order Temporal Verification in Practice}, journal = {Journal of Automated Reasoning}, volume = {34}, year = {2005}, pages = {295-321}, publisher = {Springer}, abstract = {

First-order temporal logic, the extension of first-order logic with operators dealing with time, is a powerful and expressive formalism with many potential applications. This expressive logic can be viewed as a framework in which to investigate problems specified in other logics. The monodic fragment of first-order temporal logic is a useful fragment that possesses good computational properties such as completeness and sometimes even decidability. Temporal logics of knowledge are useful for dealing with situations where the knowledge of agents in a system is involved. In this paper we present a translation from temporal logics of knowledge into the monodic fragment of first-order temporal logic. We can then use a theorem prover for monodic first-order temporal logic to prove properties of the translated formulas. This allows problems specified in temporal logics of knowledge to be verified automatically without needing a specialized theorem prover for temporal logics of knowledge. We present the translation, its correctness, and examples of its use.

}, issn = {0168-7433}, doi = {dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10817-005-7354-1}, author = {Carmen Fernandez-Gago and Ullrich Hustadt and Clare Dixon and Michale Fisher and Boris Konev} } @article {SokratisKatsikas2005a, title = {Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business}, journal = {International Journal of Computer Systems, Science \& Engineering}, volume = {20}, number = {6}, year = {2005}, publisher = {CRL Publishing}, abstract = {

An important aspect of e-business is the area of e-commerce. According to recent surveys, one of the most severe restraining factors for the proliferation of e-commerce, as measured by the gap between predicted market value and actual development is the (lack of) security measures required to assure both businesses and customers that their business relationship and transactions will be carried out in privacy, correctly, and timely. A large number of individuals are not willing to engage in e-commerce (or are only participating at a reduced level) simply because they do not trust the e-commerce sites and the underlying information and communication technologies to be secure enough. This paper first considers privacy and security requirements for e-commerce applications; it then discusses methods and technologies that can be used to fulfil these requirements.

}, issn = {0267-6192}, author = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Guenther Pernul} } @proceedings {1614, title = {Trust, Privacy and Security in Digital Business: Second International Conference, TrustBus 2005, Copenhagen, Denmark, August 22-26, 2005, Proceedings}, journal = {TrustBus}, volume = {3592}, year = {2005}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {3-540-28224-6}, editor = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Guenther Pernul} } @inproceedings {SokratisKatsikas2005, title = {Trust, Privacy and Security in E-business: Requirements and Solutions}, booktitle = {10th Panhellenic Conference in Informatics (PCI{\textquoteright}05)}, series = {LNCS}, volume = {3746}, year = {2005}, month = {November}, pages = {548-558}, publisher = {Springer}, organization = {Springer}, address = {Volos, Greece}, abstract = {

An important aspect of e-business is the area of e-commerce. One of the most severe restraining factors for the proliferation of e-commerce, is the lack of trust between customers and sellers, consumer privacy concerns and the lack of security measures required to assure both businesses and customers that their business relationship and transactions will be carried out in privacy, correctly, and timely. This paper considers trust privacy and security issues in e-commerce applications and discusses methods and technologies that can be used to fulfil the pertinent requirements.

}, author = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Guenther Pernul} } @proceedings {1617, title = {Public Key Infrastructure, First European PKIWorkshop: Research and Applications, EuroPKI 2004, Samos Island, Greece, June 25-26, 2004, Proceedings}, journal = {EuroPKI}, volume = {3093}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {3-540-22216-2}, editor = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Stefanos Gritzalis and Javier Lopez} } @proceedings {1616, title = {Trust and Privacy in Digital Business, First International Conference, TrustBus 2004, Zaragoza, Spain, August 30 - September 1, 2004, Proceedings}, journal = {TrustBus}, volume = {3184}, year = {2004}, publisher = {Springer}, isbn = {3-540-22919-1}, editor = {Sokratis K. Katsikas and Javier Lopez and Guenther Pernul} }